31  Date and Time

R includes support for working with date and time data. There are three builtin classes:

• Date: Represents date information (not time)
• POSIXct: Represents date & time information as the signed number of seconds since January 1, 1970 (Unix Time a.k.a. POSIX time a.k.a. Epoch time)
• POSIXlt: Represents date & time information as a named list (See base::DateTimeClasses)

POSIXct is more efficient and faster than POSIXlt and therefore is the recommended structure for date-time data.

The data.table package includes the following classes:

• IDate: Similar to the base Date class, but with a more efficient internal representation.
• ITime: Represents time information as the integer number of seconds since midnight.

data.table’s fread() can automatically detect some date and date-time formats and will convert them to IDate and POSIXct respectively.

Background info: Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX) is a set of standards for maintaining compatibility among operating systems.

31.1 Date format specifications

This list serves as a reference for formatting functions later in the chapter.

• %Y: Year with century, (0-9999 accepted) e.g. 2020
• %y: 2-digit year, e.g. 22
• %m: Month, 01-12, e.g. 03
• %d: Day, 01-31, e.g. 04
• %H: Hours, 00-23, e.g. 13
• %I: Hours, 01-12, e.g. 01
• %M: Minutes, 00-59, e.g. 38
• %S: Seconds, 00-61 (sic!) allowing for up to two leap seconds, e.g. 54

There are many more specifications available, see the Details section in the documentation for strptime().

Note that some conversions are locale-specific, i.e. will not work the same across systems.

Regarding the ambiguous %y, the documentation states: “%y Year without century (00–99). On input, values 00 to 68 are prefixed by 20 and 69 to 99 by 19 – that is the behaviour specified by the 2018 POSIX standard, but it does also say ‘it is expected that in a future version the default century inferred from a 2-digit year will change’.”

31.2 Date objects

31.2.1 Character to Date: as.Date()

You can create a Date object from a character:

x <- as.Date("1981-02-12")
x

[1] "1981-02-12"

class(x)

[1] "Date"

The tryFormats argument defines which format(s) are recognized.

The default is tryFormats = c("%Y-%m-%d", "%Y/%m/%d"), i.e. will recognize dates of the form “2020-11-16” or “2020/11/16”.

Let’s see what happens if a date format is not recognized. Consider the 16th of November, 2021 written as follows:

z <- "11.09.21"

Results in an error if passed to as.Date():

zt <- as.Date(z)

Error in charToDate(x): character string is not in a standard unambiguous format

Passing the appropriate format, will allow the date to be read correctly:

zt <- as.Date(z, tryFormats = "%m.%d.%y")

You can convert to data.table’s IDate class using as.IDate():

library(data.table)
xi <- as.IDate("1981-02-12")
xi

[1] "1981-02-12"

class(xi)

[1] "IDate" "Date" 

as.IDate() supports extra arguments just like base as.Date(). Using the same example as above, we can specify the same tryFormats argument:

zi <- as.IDate(z, tryFormats = "%m.%d.%y")
zi

[1] "2021-11-16"

class(zi)

[1] "IDate" "Date" 

Important

It’s always safest to specify the format of your date string explicitly.

31.2.2 Get current date & time

Get current date:

today <- Sys.Date()
today

[1] "2023-11-16"

class(today)

[1] "Date"

Get current date and time:

now <- Sys.time()
now

[1] "2023-11-16 02:47:14 PST"

class(now)

[1] "POSIXct" "POSIXt" 

Get local timezone:

Sys.timezone()

[1] "America/Los_Angeles"

31.2.3 Math on Dates

The reason we use special date and date-time classes is because they allow us to perform mathematical operations on them.

For example, we can subtract date objects to get time intervals:

start_date <- as.Date("2020-09-15")
time_diff <- Sys.Date() - start_date
time_diff

Time difference of 1157 days

class(time_diff)

[1] "difftime"

Important

Note: While you can use the subtraction operator -, it is advised you use the difftime() function to perform subtraction on dates instead, because it allows you to specify units.

timepoint1 <- as.Date("2020-01-07")
timepoint2 <- as.Date("2020-02-03")
difftime(timepoint2, timepoint1, units = "weeks")

Time difference of 3.857143 weeks

difftime(timepoint2, timepoint1, units = "days")

Time difference of 27 days

difftime(timepoint2, timepoint1, units = "hours")

Time difference of 648 hours

difftime(timepoint2, timepoint1, units = "mins")

Time difference of 38880 mins

difftime(timepoint2, timepoint1, units = "secs")

Time difference of 2332800 secs

Tip

Why is there no option for “months” or “years” in units?

Because, unlike seconds, minutes, hours, days, and weeks, months and years do not have fixed length, i.e. literally a month or a year are not “units” of time.

You can always get a difference in days and divide by 365.2422 or some other approximation.

DOB <- as.Date("1969-08-04")
Age <- difftime(Sys.Date(), DOB, units = "days")
Age

Time difference of 19827 days

difftime() outputs objects of class difftime:

class(Age)

[1] "difftime"

Caution

If you convert the output of difftime() using an appropriate mathematical operation, e.g. division, the units will remain, even though they are no longer correct. Use as.numeric() to convert the difftime object to a regular numeric vector and remove the units which are no longer valid.

Note that the units remain after a mathematical operation:

Age <- Age / 365.2422
Age

Time difference of 54.28453 days

Eliminate them by converting to numeric:

Age <- as.numeric(difftime(Sys.Date(), DOB, units = "days") / 365.2422)
Age

[1] 54.32012

31.2.4 mean/median Date

x <- as.Date(c(5480, 5723, 5987, 6992), origin = "1970-01-01")
x

[1] "1985-01-02" "1985-09-02" "1986-05-24" "1989-02-22"

mean_date <- mean(x)
mean_date

[1] "1986-07-21"

class(mean_date)

[1] "Date"

median_date <- median(x)
median_date

[1] "1986-01-12"

class(median_date)

[1] "Date"

To verify the median, we can do a mathematical operations using multiplication, subtraction, and addition, and the result is still a Date(!):

median_date_too <- x[2] + 0.5 * (x[3] - x[2])

31.2.5 Sequence of dates

You can create a sequence of dates using seq().
If an integer is passed to by, the unit is assumed to be days:

start_date <- as.Date("2020-09-14")
end_date <- as.Date("2020-12-07")
seq(from = start_date, to = end_date, by = 7)

 [1] "2020-09-14" "2020-09-21" "2020-09-28" "2020-10-05" "2020-10-12"
 [6] "2020-10-19" "2020-10-26" "2020-11-02" "2020-11-09" "2020-11-16"
[11] "2020-11-23" "2020-11-30" "2020-12-07"

Unlike mathematical operations like difftime() which require strict units of time, seq() can work with months and years.

Argument by can be one of:

“day”, “week”, “month”, “quarter”, “year”.

The above is therefore equivalent to:

seq(from = start_date, to = end_date, by = "week")

 [1] "2020-09-14" "2020-09-21" "2020-09-28" "2020-10-05" "2020-10-12"
 [6] "2020-10-19" "2020-10-26" "2020-11-02" "2020-11-09" "2020-11-16"
[11] "2020-11-23" "2020-11-30" "2020-12-07"

As with numeric sequences, you can also define the length.out argument:

start_date <- as.Date("2020-01-20")
seq(from = start_date, by = "year", length.out = 4)

[1] "2020-01-20" "2021-01-20" "2022-01-20" "2023-01-20"

An integer can be provided as part of character input to by:

start_date <- as.Date("2020-01-20")
end_date <- as.Date("2021-01-20")
seq(start_date, end_date, by = "2 months")

[1] "2020-01-20" "2020-03-20" "2020-05-20" "2020-07-20" "2020-09-20"
[6] "2020-11-20" "2021-01-20"

31.3 Date-Time objects

31.3.1 Character to Date-Time: as.POSIXct(), as.POSIXlt():

As always, it can be very informative to look at the source code. Many of these functions call each other internally.

Read strptime()’s documentation for conversion specifications. These define the order and format of characters to be read as year, month, day, hour, minute, and second information.

For example, the international ISO 8601 standard is defined as:
"%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S"

dt <- "2020-03-04 13:38:54"
dt

[1] "2020-03-04 13:38:54"

class(dt)

[1] "character"

Use attributes() to see the difference between the POSIXct and POSIXlt classes:

dt_posixct <- as.POSIXct(dt)
dt_posixct

[1] "2020-03-04 13:38:54 PST"

class(dt_posixct)

[1] "POSIXct" "POSIXt" 

str(dt_posixct)

 POSIXct[1:1], format: "2020-03-04 13:38:54"

attributes(dt_posixct)

$class
[1] "POSIXct" "POSIXt" 

$tzone
[1] ""

dt_posixlt <- as.POSIXlt(dt)
dt_posixlt

[1] "2020-03-04 13:38:54 PST"

class(dt_posixlt)

[1] "POSIXlt" "POSIXt" 

str(dt_posixlt)

 POSIXlt[1:1], format: "2020-03-04 13:38:54"

dt_posixlt$year

[1] 120

attributes(dt_posixlt)

$names
 [1] "sec"    "min"    "hour"   "mday"   "mon"    "year"   "wday"   "yday"  
 [9] "isdst"  "zone"   "gmtoff"

$class
[1] "POSIXlt" "POSIXt" 

$tzone
[1] ""    "PST" "PDT"

$balanced
[1] TRUE

You can compose a large number of combinations of specification to match your data.

dt2 <- c("03.04.20 01:38.54 pm")
dt2_posix <- as.POSIXct(dt2, format = "%m.%d.%y %I:%M.%S %p")
dt2_posix

[1] "2020-03-04 13:38:54 PST"

31.4 format() Date

format() operates on Date and POSIX objects to convert between representations

Define Date in US format:

dt_us <- as.Date("07-04-2020", format = "%m-%d-%Y")
dt_us

[1] "2020-07-04"

Convert to European format:

dt_eu <- format(dt_us, "%d.%m.%y")
dt_eu

[1] "04.07.20"

31.5 format() POSIXct

dt <- as.POSIXct("2020-03-04 13:38:54")
dt

[1] "2020-03-04 13:38:54 PST"

format(dt, "%m/%d/%Y @ %H:%M:%S")

[1] "03/04/2020 @ 13:38:54"

Tip

To get the relevant R documentation pages, use ?format.Date and ?format.POSIXct. To learn more about S3 classes and methods, see Chapter 33.

31.6 Extract partial date information

R includes convenient functions to extract particular seasonal information

• weekdays(): Get name of day of the week
• months(): Get name of month
• quarters(): Get quarter
• julian(): Get number of days since a specific origin

x <- as.Date(c(18266, 18299, 18359, 18465), origin = "1970-01-01")
x

[1] "2020-01-05" "2020-02-07" "2020-04-07" "2020-07-22"

weekdays(x)

[1] "Sunday"    "Friday"    "Tuesday"   "Wednesday"

months(x)

[1] "January"  "February" "April"    "July"    

quarters(x)

[1] "Q1" "Q1" "Q2" "Q3"

julian(x)

[1] 18266 18299 18359 18465
attr(,"origin")
[1] "1970-01-01"

julian(x, origin = as.Date("2020-01-01"))

[1]   4  37  97 203
attr(,"origin")
[1] "2020-01-01"

31.7 Timezones

R supports timezones. You can see the current timezone using Sys.timezone():

Sys.timezone()

[1] "America/Los_Angeles"

Get current date and time:

now <- Sys.time()
now

[1] "2023-11-29 22:44:47 PST"

Get a list of all available timezones:

OlsonNames()

  [1] "Africa/Abidjan"                   "Africa/Accra"                    
  [3] "Africa/Addis_Ababa"               "Africa/Algiers"                  
  [5] "Africa/Asmara"                    "Africa/Asmera"                   
  [7] "Africa/Bamako"                    "Africa/Bangui"                   
  [9] "Africa/Banjul"                    "Africa/Bissau"                   
 [11] "Africa/Blantyre"                  "Africa/Brazzaville"              
 [13] "Africa/Bujumbura"                 "Africa/Cairo"                    
 [15] "Africa/Casablanca"                "Africa/Ceuta"                    
 [17] "Africa/Conakry"                   "Africa/Dakar"                    
 [19] "Africa/Dar_es_Salaam"             "Africa/Djibouti"                 
 [21] "Africa/Douala"                    "Africa/El_Aaiun"                 
 [23] "Africa/Freetown"                  "Africa/Gaborone"                 
 [25] "Africa/Harare"                    "Africa/Johannesburg"             
 [27] "Africa/Juba"                      "Africa/Kampala"                  
 [29] "Africa/Khartoum"                  "Africa/Kigali"                   
 [31] "Africa/Kinshasa"                  "Africa/Lagos"                    
 [33] "Africa/Libreville"                "Africa/Lome"                     
 [35] "Africa/Luanda"                    "Africa/Lubumbashi"               
 [37] "Africa/Lusaka"                    "Africa/Malabo"                   
 [39] "Africa/Maputo"                    "Africa/Maseru"                   
 [41] "Africa/Mbabane"                   "Africa/Mogadishu"                
 [43] "Africa/Monrovia"                  "Africa/Nairobi"                  
 [45] "Africa/Ndjamena"                  "Africa/Niamey"                   
 [47] "Africa/Nouakchott"                "Africa/Ouagadougou"              
 [49] "Africa/Porto-Novo"                "Africa/Sao_Tome"                 
 [51] "Africa/Timbuktu"                  "Africa/Tripoli"                  
 [53] "Africa/Tunis"                     "Africa/Windhoek"                 
 [55] "America/Adak"                     "America/Anchorage"               
 [57] "America/Anguilla"                 "America/Antigua"                 
 [59] "America/Araguaina"                "America/Argentina/Buenos_Aires"  
 [61] "America/Argentina/Catamarca"      "America/Argentina/ComodRivadavia"
 [63] "America/Argentina/Cordoba"        "America/Argentina/Jujuy"         
 [65] "America/Argentina/La_Rioja"       "America/Argentina/Mendoza"       
 [67] "America/Argentina/Rio_Gallegos"   "America/Argentina/Salta"         
 [69] "America/Argentina/San_Juan"       "America/Argentina/San_Luis"      
 [71] "America/Argentina/Tucuman"        "America/Argentina/Ushuaia"       
 [73] "America/Aruba"                    "America/Asuncion"                
 [75] "America/Atikokan"                 "America/Atka"                    
 [77] "America/Bahia"                    "America/Bahia_Banderas"          
 [79] "America/Barbados"                 "America/Belem"                   
 [81] "America/Belize"                   "America/Blanc-Sablon"            
 [83] "America/Boa_Vista"                "America/Bogota"                  
 [85] "America/Boise"                    "America/Buenos_Aires"            
 [87] "America/Cambridge_Bay"            "America/Campo_Grande"            
 [89] "America/Cancun"                   "America/Caracas"                 
 [91] "America/Catamarca"                "America/Cayenne"                 
 [93] "America/Cayman"                   "America/Chicago"                 
 [95] "America/Chihuahua"                "America/Ciudad_Juarez"           
 [97] "America/Coral_Harbour"            "America/Cordoba"                 
 [99] "America/Costa_Rica"               "America/Creston"                 
[101] "America/Cuiaba"                   "America/Curacao"                 
[103] "America/Danmarkshavn"             "America/Dawson"                  
[105] "America/Dawson_Creek"             "America/Denver"                  
[107] "America/Detroit"                  "America/Dominica"                
[109] "America/Edmonton"                 "America/Eirunepe"                
[111] "America/El_Salvador"              "America/Ensenada"                
[113] "America/Fort_Nelson"              "America/Fort_Wayne"              
[115] "America/Fortaleza"                "America/Glace_Bay"               
[117] "America/Godthab"                  "America/Goose_Bay"               
[119] "America/Grand_Turk"               "America/Grenada"                 
[121] "America/Guadeloupe"               "America/Guatemala"               
[123] "America/Guayaquil"                "America/Guyana"                  
[125] "America/Halifax"                  "America/Havana"                  
[127] "America/Hermosillo"               "America/Indiana/Indianapolis"    
[129] "America/Indiana/Knox"             "America/Indiana/Marengo"         
[131] "America/Indiana/Petersburg"       "America/Indiana/Tell_City"       
[133] "America/Indiana/Vevay"            "America/Indiana/Vincennes"       
[135] "America/Indiana/Winamac"          "America/Indianapolis"            
[137] "America/Inuvik"                   "America/Iqaluit"                 
[139] "America/Jamaica"                  "America/Jujuy"                   
[141] "America/Juneau"                   "America/Kentucky/Louisville"     
[143] "America/Kentucky/Monticello"      "America/Knox_IN"                 
[145] "America/Kralendijk"               "America/La_Paz"                  
[147] "America/Lima"                     "America/Los_Angeles"             
[149] "America/Louisville"               "America/Lower_Princes"           
[151] "America/Maceio"                   "America/Managua"                 
[153] "America/Manaus"                   "America/Marigot"                 
[155] "America/Martinique"               "America/Matamoros"               
[157] "America/Mazatlan"                 "America/Mendoza"                 
[159] "America/Menominee"                "America/Merida"                  
[161] "America/Metlakatla"               "America/Mexico_City"             
[163] "America/Miquelon"                 "America/Moncton"                 
[165] "America/Monterrey"                "America/Montevideo"              
[167] "America/Montreal"                 "America/Montserrat"              
[169] "America/Nassau"                   "America/New_York"                
[171] "America/Nipigon"                  "America/Nome"                    
[173] "America/Noronha"                  "America/North_Dakota/Beulah"     
[175] "America/North_Dakota/Center"      "America/North_Dakota/New_Salem"  
[177] "America/Nuuk"                     "America/Ojinaga"                 
[179] "America/Panama"                   "America/Pangnirtung"             
[181] "America/Paramaribo"               "America/Phoenix"                 
[183] "America/Port_of_Spain"            "America/Port-au-Prince"          
[185] "America/Porto_Acre"               "America/Porto_Velho"             
[187] "America/Puerto_Rico"              "America/Punta_Arenas"            
[189] "America/Rainy_River"              "America/Rankin_Inlet"            
[191] "America/Recife"                   "America/Regina"                  
[193] "America/Resolute"                 "America/Rio_Branco"              
[195] "America/Rosario"                  "America/Santa_Isabel"            
[197] "America/Santarem"                 "America/Santiago"                
[199] "America/Santo_Domingo"            "America/Sao_Paulo"               
[201] "America/Scoresbysund"             "America/Shiprock"                
[203] "America/Sitka"                    "America/St_Barthelemy"           
[205] "America/St_Johns"                 "America/St_Kitts"                
[207] "America/St_Lucia"                 "America/St_Thomas"               
[209] "America/St_Vincent"               "America/Swift_Current"           
[211] "America/Tegucigalpa"              "America/Thule"                   
[213] "America/Thunder_Bay"              "America/Tijuana"                 
[215] "America/Toronto"                  "America/Tortola"                 
[217] "America/Vancouver"                "America/Virgin"                  
[219] "America/Whitehorse"               "America/Winnipeg"                
[221] "America/Yakutat"                  "America/Yellowknife"             
[223] "Antarctica/Casey"                 "Antarctica/Davis"                
[225] "Antarctica/DumontDUrville"        "Antarctica/Macquarie"            
[227] "Antarctica/Mawson"                "Antarctica/McMurdo"              
[229] "Antarctica/Palmer"                "Antarctica/Rothera"              
[231] "Antarctica/South_Pole"            "Antarctica/Syowa"                
[233] "Antarctica/Troll"                 "Antarctica/Vostok"               
[235] "Arctic/Longyearbyen"              "Asia/Aden"                       
[237] "Asia/Almaty"                      "Asia/Amman"                      
[239] "Asia/Anadyr"                      "Asia/Aqtau"                      
[241] "Asia/Aqtobe"                      "Asia/Ashgabat"                   
[243] "Asia/Ashkhabad"                   "Asia/Atyrau"                     
[245] "Asia/Baghdad"                     "Asia/Bahrain"                    
[247] "Asia/Baku"                        "Asia/Bangkok"                    
[249] "Asia/Barnaul"                     "Asia/Beirut"                     
[251] "Asia/Bishkek"                     "Asia/Brunei"                     
[253] "Asia/Calcutta"                    "Asia/Chita"                      
[255] "Asia/Choibalsan"                  "Asia/Chongqing"                  
[257] "Asia/Chungking"                   "Asia/Colombo"                    
[259] "Asia/Dacca"                       "Asia/Damascus"                   
[261] "Asia/Dhaka"                       "Asia/Dili"                       
[263] "Asia/Dubai"                       "Asia/Dushanbe"                   
[265] "Asia/Famagusta"                   "Asia/Gaza"                       
[267] "Asia/Harbin"                      "Asia/Hebron"                     
[269] "Asia/Ho_Chi_Minh"                 "Asia/Hong_Kong"                  
[271] "Asia/Hovd"                        "Asia/Irkutsk"                    
[273] "Asia/Istanbul"                    "Asia/Jakarta"                    
[275] "Asia/Jayapura"                    "Asia/Jerusalem"                  
[277] "Asia/Kabul"                       "Asia/Kamchatka"                  
[279] "Asia/Karachi"                     "Asia/Kashgar"                    
[281] "Asia/Kathmandu"                   "Asia/Katmandu"                   
[283] "Asia/Khandyga"                    "Asia/Kolkata"                    
[285] "Asia/Krasnoyarsk"                 "Asia/Kuala_Lumpur"               
[287] "Asia/Kuching"                     "Asia/Kuwait"                     
[289] "Asia/Macao"                       "Asia/Macau"                      
[291] "Asia/Magadan"                     "Asia/Makassar"                   
[293] "Asia/Manila"                      "Asia/Muscat"                     
[295] "Asia/Nicosia"                     "Asia/Novokuznetsk"               
[297] "Asia/Novosibirsk"                 "Asia/Omsk"                       
[299] "Asia/Oral"                        "Asia/Phnom_Penh"                 
[301] "Asia/Pontianak"                   "Asia/Pyongyang"                  
[303] "Asia/Qatar"                       "Asia/Qostanay"                   
[305] "Asia/Qyzylorda"                   "Asia/Rangoon"                    
[307] "Asia/Riyadh"                      "Asia/Saigon"                     
[309] "Asia/Sakhalin"                    "Asia/Samarkand"                  
[311] "Asia/Seoul"                       "Asia/Shanghai"                   
[313] "Asia/Singapore"                   "Asia/Srednekolymsk"              
[315] "Asia/Taipei"                      "Asia/Tashkent"                   
[317] "Asia/Tbilisi"                     "Asia/Tehran"                     
[319] "Asia/Tel_Aviv"                    "Asia/Thimbu"                     
[321] "Asia/Thimphu"                     "Asia/Tokyo"                      
[323] "Asia/Tomsk"                       "Asia/Ujung_Pandang"              
[325] "Asia/Ulaanbaatar"                 "Asia/Ulan_Bator"                 
[327] "Asia/Urumqi"                      "Asia/Ust-Nera"                   
[329] "Asia/Vientiane"                   "Asia/Vladivostok"                
[331] "Asia/Yakutsk"                     "Asia/Yangon"                     
[333] "Asia/Yekaterinburg"               "Asia/Yerevan"                    
[335] "Atlantic/Azores"                  "Atlantic/Bermuda"                
[337] "Atlantic/Canary"                  "Atlantic/Cape_Verde"             
[339] "Atlantic/Faeroe"                  "Atlantic/Faroe"                  
[341] "Atlantic/Jan_Mayen"               "Atlantic/Madeira"                
[343] "Atlantic/Reykjavik"               "Atlantic/South_Georgia"          
[345] "Atlantic/St_Helena"               "Atlantic/Stanley"                
[347] "Australia/ACT"                    "Australia/Adelaide"              
[349] "Australia/Brisbane"               "Australia/Broken_Hill"           
[351] "Australia/Canberra"               "Australia/Currie"                
[353] "Australia/Darwin"                 "Australia/Eucla"                 
[355] "Australia/Hobart"                 "Australia/LHI"                   
[357] "Australia/Lindeman"               "Australia/Lord_Howe"             
[359] "Australia/Melbourne"              "Australia/North"                 
[361] "Australia/NSW"                    "Australia/Perth"                 
[363] "Australia/Queensland"             "Australia/South"                 
[365] "Australia/Sydney"                 "Australia/Tasmania"              
[367] "Australia/Victoria"               "Australia/West"                  
[369] "Australia/Yancowinna"             "Brazil/Acre"                     
[371] "Brazil/DeNoronha"                 "Brazil/East"                     
[373] "Brazil/West"                      "Canada/Atlantic"                 
[375] "Canada/Central"                   "Canada/Eastern"                  
[377] "Canada/Mountain"                  "Canada/Newfoundland"             
[379] "Canada/Pacific"                   "Canada/Saskatchewan"             
[381] "Canada/Yukon"                     "CET"                             
[383] "Chile/Continental"                "Chile/EasterIsland"              
[385] "CST6CDT"                          "Cuba"                            
[387] "EET"                              "Egypt"                           
[389] "Eire"                             "EST"                             
[391] "EST5EDT"                          "Etc/GMT"                         
[393] "Etc/GMT-0"                        "Etc/GMT-1"                       
[395] "Etc/GMT-10"                       "Etc/GMT-11"                      
[397] "Etc/GMT-12"                       "Etc/GMT-13"                      
[399] "Etc/GMT-14"                       "Etc/GMT-2"                       
[401] "Etc/GMT-3"                        "Etc/GMT-4"                       
[403] "Etc/GMT-5"                        "Etc/GMT-6"                       
[405] "Etc/GMT-7"                        "Etc/GMT-8"                       
[407] "Etc/GMT-9"                        "Etc/GMT+0"                       
[409] "Etc/GMT+1"                        "Etc/GMT+10"                      
[411] "Etc/GMT+11"                       "Etc/GMT+12"                      
[413] "Etc/GMT+2"                        "Etc/GMT+3"                       
[415] "Etc/GMT+4"                        "Etc/GMT+5"                       
[417] "Etc/GMT+6"                        "Etc/GMT+7"                       
[419] "Etc/GMT+8"                        "Etc/GMT+9"                       
[421] "Etc/GMT0"                         "Etc/Greenwich"                   
[423] "Etc/UCT"                          "Etc/Universal"                   
[425] "Etc/UTC"                          "Etc/Zulu"                        
[427] "Europe/Amsterdam"                 "Europe/Andorra"                  
[429] "Europe/Astrakhan"                 "Europe/Athens"                   
[431] "Europe/Belfast"                   "Europe/Belgrade"                 
[433] "Europe/Berlin"                    "Europe/Bratislava"               
[435] "Europe/Brussels"                  "Europe/Bucharest"                
[437] "Europe/Budapest"                  "Europe/Busingen"                 
[439] "Europe/Chisinau"                  "Europe/Copenhagen"               
[441] "Europe/Dublin"                    "Europe/Gibraltar"                
[443] "Europe/Guernsey"                  "Europe/Helsinki"                 
[445] "Europe/Isle_of_Man"               "Europe/Istanbul"                 
[447] "Europe/Jersey"                    "Europe/Kaliningrad"              
[449] "Europe/Kiev"                      "Europe/Kirov"                    
[451] "Europe/Kyiv"                      "Europe/Lisbon"                   
[453] "Europe/Ljubljana"                 "Europe/London"                   
[455] "Europe/Luxembourg"                "Europe/Madrid"                   
[457] "Europe/Malta"                     "Europe/Mariehamn"                
[459] "Europe/Minsk"                     "Europe/Monaco"                   
[461] "Europe/Moscow"                    "Europe/Nicosia"                  
[463] "Europe/Oslo"                      "Europe/Paris"                    
[465] "Europe/Podgorica"                 "Europe/Prague"                   
[467] "Europe/Riga"                      "Europe/Rome"                     
[469] "Europe/Samara"                    "Europe/San_Marino"               
[471] "Europe/Sarajevo"                  "Europe/Saratov"                  
[473] "Europe/Simferopol"                "Europe/Skopje"                   
[475] "Europe/Sofia"                     "Europe/Stockholm"                
[477] "Europe/Tallinn"                   "Europe/Tirane"                   
[479] "Europe/Tiraspol"                  "Europe/Ulyanovsk"                
[481] "Europe/Uzhgorod"                  "Europe/Vaduz"                    
[483] "Europe/Vatican"                   "Europe/Vienna"                   
[485] "Europe/Vilnius"                   "Europe/Volgograd"                
[487] "Europe/Warsaw"                    "Europe/Zagreb"                   
[489] "Europe/Zaporozhye"                "Europe/Zurich"                   
[491] "GB"                               "GB-Eire"                         
[493] "GMT"                              "GMT-0"                           
[495] "GMT+0"                            "GMT0"                            
[497] "Greenwich"                        "Hongkong"                        
[499] "HST"                              "Iceland"                         
[501] "Indian/Antananarivo"              "Indian/Chagos"                   
[503] "Indian/Christmas"                 "Indian/Cocos"                    
[505] "Indian/Comoro"                    "Indian/Kerguelen"                
[507] "Indian/Mahe"                      "Indian/Maldives"                 
[509] "Indian/Mauritius"                 "Indian/Mayotte"                  
[511] "Indian/Reunion"                   "Iran"                            
[513] "Israel"                           "Jamaica"                         
[515] "Japan"                            "Kwajalein"                       
[517] "Libya"                            "MET"                             
[519] "Mexico/BajaNorte"                 "Mexico/BajaSur"                  
[521] "Mexico/General"                   "MST"                             
[523] "MST7MDT"                          "Navajo"                          
[525] "NZ"                               "NZ-CHAT"                         
[527] "Pacific/Apia"                     "Pacific/Auckland"                
[529] "Pacific/Bougainville"             "Pacific/Chatham"                 
[531] "Pacific/Chuuk"                    "Pacific/Easter"                  
[533] "Pacific/Efate"                    "Pacific/Enderbury"               
[535] "Pacific/Fakaofo"                  "Pacific/Fiji"                    
[537] "Pacific/Funafuti"                 "Pacific/Galapagos"               
[539] "Pacific/Gambier"                  "Pacific/Guadalcanal"             
[541] "Pacific/Guam"                     "Pacific/Honolulu"                
[543] "Pacific/Johnston"                 "Pacific/Kanton"                  
[545] "Pacific/Kiritimati"               "Pacific/Kosrae"                  
[547] "Pacific/Kwajalein"                "Pacific/Majuro"                  
[549] "Pacific/Marquesas"                "Pacific/Midway"                  
[551] "Pacific/Nauru"                    "Pacific/Niue"                    
[553] "Pacific/Norfolk"                  "Pacific/Noumea"                  
[555] "Pacific/Pago_Pago"                "Pacific/Palau"                   
[557] "Pacific/Pitcairn"                 "Pacific/Pohnpei"                 
[559] "Pacific/Ponape"                   "Pacific/Port_Moresby"            
[561] "Pacific/Rarotonga"                "Pacific/Saipan"                  
[563] "Pacific/Samoa"                    "Pacific/Tahiti"                  
[565] "Pacific/Tarawa"                   "Pacific/Tongatapu"               
[567] "Pacific/Truk"                     "Pacific/Wake"                    
[569] "Pacific/Wallis"                   "Pacific/Yap"                     
[571] "Poland"                           "Portugal"                        
[573] "PRC"                              "PST8PDT"                         
[575] "ROC"                              "ROK"                             
[577] "Singapore"                        "Turkey"                          
[579] "UCT"                              "Universal"                       
[581] "US/Alaska"                        "US/Aleutian"                     
[583] "US/Arizona"                       "US/Central"                      
[585] "US/East-Indiana"                  "US/Eastern"                      
[587] "US/Hawaii"                        "US/Indiana-Starke"               
[589] "US/Michigan"                      "US/Mountain"                     
[591] "US/Pacific"                       "US/Samoa"                        
[593] "UTC"                              "W-SU"                            
[595] "WET"                              "Zulu"                            
attr(,"Version")
[1] "2023c"

Set to a different timezone:

Sys.setenv(TZ = "America/New_York")

Note how setting the timezone changes how the date and time are printed:

now

[1] "2023-11-30 01:44:47 EST"

Use format()’s tz argument to convert date & time to different timezones.

format(now, tz = "Europe/London")

[1] "2023-11-30 06:44:47"

format(now, tz = "Africa/Nairobi")

[1] "2023-11-30 09:44:47"

format(now, tz = "Asia/Tokyo")

[1] "2023-11-30 15:44:47"

format(now, tz = "Australia/Sydney")

[1] "2023-11-30 17:44:47"

Note that the output of format() is not POSIXct or POSIXlt, but a character:

class(now)

[1] "POSIXct" "POSIXt" 

class(format(now, tz = "Europe/London"))

[1] "character"

The timezone is not part of the POSIXct object itself:

attributes(now)

$class
[1] "POSIXct" "POSIXt" 

The print() method for datetime objects calls format() internally.

31.8 See also

• Handling Dates with lubridate